In this paper, we speculate that “super-spreaders” mediate disease transmission via direct social interactions and indirectly via body fluids exchanged at scrape sites. Currently, it is not well understood how WTD are spreading these diseases. White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus, WTD) spread communicable diseases such the zoonotic coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, which is a major public health concern, and chronic wasting disease (CWD), a fatal, highly contagious prion disease occurring in cervids. Taken together, our results indicated partial spatiotemporal segregation of migratory phenotypes that may generate assortative mating and promote population differentiation. Analysis of arrival and departure dates indicated opportunity for co-occurrence at the site visited by all phenotypes but showed Lake Huron migrants arrived approximately 2 weeks before Lake St. Clair migrants, and, to a lesser extent, annual Lake St. Clair migrants whereas the other site was visited by Lake Huron migrants, intermittent Lake St. A direct test for differences in space use revealed one site was almost exclusively visited by Lake St. Social network analyses indicated lake sturgeon generally co-occurred with individuals of the same migratory phenotype more often than with different migratory phenotypes. Clair River each year (annual migrants) or intermittently (intermittent migrants). Clair migrants were further distinguished by whether they migrated into the St. Acoustic telemetry over 9 years monitored use of two major spawning sites by lake sturgeon that moved north to overwinter in Lake Huron or south to overwinter in Lake St. Clair River of North America’s Laurentian Great Lakes but differ in how often they migrate into the river and in which direction they move after spawning. In this study, the potential for spatiotemporal segregation was tested among three migratory phenotypes of lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens) that spawn in the St. Migratory diversity can promote population differentiation if sympatric phenotypes become temporally, spatially, or behaviorally segregated during breeding. Note that, while our proposed methodology was developed with VIAPPL in mind, its potential usage extends to any type of social interaction data. We find that ingroup favouritism and reciprocity are present in social interactions observed on this platform, and that these behaviours strengthen over time. We specifically consider experimental data collected via the novel Virtual Interaction APPLication (VIAPPL). Moreover, we provide network visualisations that identify the extent of ingroup favouritism and reciprocity as well as particular individuals whose behaviour differs markedly from the norm. This allows us to discover, for example, the extent to which the structure of social interactions differs from that of random interactions. Therefore, we propose an approach that compares the output of a fitted (linear) model from the observed interaction data to that generated by an assumed agent-based null model. R-release (arm64): permute_0.9-7.tgz, r-oldrel (arm64): permute_0.9-7.tgz, r-release (x86_64): permute_0.9-7.tgz, r-oldrel (x86_64): permute_0.9-7.We consider the analysis of temporal data arising from online interactive social experiments, which is complicated by the fact that classical independence assumptions about the observations are not satisfied. Restricted permutations using the permute package Vegan (≥ 2.0-0), testthat (≥ 0.5), parallel, knitr, rmarkdown, bookdown, sessioninfo The 'permute' package is modelled after the permutation schemes of 'Canoco 3.1' (and later) by Cajo ter Braak. 'permute' also allows split-plot designs, in which the whole-plots or split-plots or both can be freely-exchangeable or one of the restricted designs. Permute: Functions for Generating Restricted Permutations of DataĪ set of restricted permutation designs for freely exchangeable, line transects (time series), and spatial grid designs plus permutation of blocks (groups of samples) is provided.
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